enomoto celtislab

You are using a tag cloud of the standard, and you do not want to display tags that belong to the category not related to the article. 
Try this widget. 
Based on the category of the display article, this widget gets the tag from the article categories of related range. 
For the article there is no category of post page, etc., or by setting <code>all category</code>, <code>internal link article</code>, it displays the tag by examining the related category. 
If you check the ‘internal link article’, get a category from the internal links to articles.
Select Category related range
<ul>
<li>All Category (unrelated article)</li>
<li>Current article Category</li>
<li>Include child category tree</li>
<li>Include parent category tree</li>
<li>Include internal linked article Category</li>
<li>Exclude Category</li>
</ul>
Other parameters : Display format, Sort by, Order, Font size, Number of tags to display, …
<a href="http://celtislab.net/wp_plugin_DCTagCloud/" title="Documentation in Japanese" rel="nofollow ugc">日本語の説明</a>

DynamicCategoryTagCloud

Displays the tag cloud dynamically from related articles belonging to the category of the display article

The Krotek

Customizable widget and shortcode to display tag cloud anywhere you want. You can use it as standard tag cloud widget, as shortcode in any post or page, or both ways. Tons of options allow you to fine tune cloud layout to your needs.
STANDARD FEATURES
<ul>
<li>Display list of post, category or link category tags.</li>
<li>Define number of tags to be displayed.</li>
<li>Set custom tag separator.</li>
<li>Select tag taxonomy: posts, categories or link categories.</li>
<li>Choose cloud mode: shortcode only, widget only or both.</li>
</ul>
PREMIUM FEATURES
<ul>
<li>Define smallest and largest tag size.</li>
<li>Select size unit: px, pt, em or percent.</li>
<li>Choose layout: standard flat cloud or unordered list.</li>
<li>Order tags by name or count.</li>
<li>Sort tags ascending, descending or randomize.</li>
<li>Define list of tags to exclude from cloud or include only.</li>
</ul>
You can purchase Premium version <a href="https://thekrotek.com/wordpress-extensions/tag-cloud" rel="nofollow ugc">here</a>.

Custom Tag Cloud

...but it at least is a little better than the one that comes with WordPress.

Free version is not very customizable...

Customizable widget and shortcode to display tag cloud anywhere you want.

DynamicCategoryTagCloud vs Custom Tag Cloud