Ruven

This plugin registers a custom post type for portfolio items and a taxonomy for portfolio types.
Selected themes by Ruven provide templates to display portfolio items. 
In other themes you most likely have to add them by yourself.

Ruven Themes: Portfolio

RT Portfolio enables a "Portfolio" post type and "Type" taxonomy.

themifyme

Themify Portfolio Posts is a simple plugin that allows you to showcase your projects info in a clean layout. Minimal and sleek, you can click on each image of your gallery portfolio and opt to show further details such as the project type, client name, and commission date – or edit each heading and name your own.
Themify Portfolio Post plugin is compatible with any theme and users can install it on their WordPress admin dashboard like all other plugins.

Themify Portfolio Post

Add a simple Portfolio post type to your site.

Ruven Themes: Portfolio vs Themify Portfolio Post